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The Times of India. Archived from on 2 May 2012. This festival is also called as Kumbamela of South.

The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature. The revolt, which took place inwas brief, lasting one full day, but brutal as mutineers broke into the Vellore fort and met or wounded 200 British troops, before they were subdued by reinforcements from nearby Arcot. Historically, parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the M5. Retrieved 20 May 2012. Textiles and leather hand loom silk sarees Tamil Nadu is one of the leading States in the textile del and it houses the country's largest spinning industry accounting for almost 80 per cent of the total installed capacity in India. Keys, at the Government Press. At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km 2 1,400,000 sq mi.

Retrieved 10 September 2012. Energy Department, Tamil Nadu, India by Govt. The Nayaks of Madurai and were the most prominent of Nayaks in the 17th century. Among states in India, Tamil Nadu is one of the leaders in livestock, poultry and production.

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The , which runs between and , is a. Its capital and largest city is formerly known as Madras. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the and is bordered by the of and the states of , , and. It is bounded by the on the north, by the , the , and on the west, by the in the east, by the and the on the southeast, and by the Indian Ocean on the south. The state shares a maritime border with the nation of. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous. Its official language is , which is one of the longest-surviving in the world. The state is home to a number of historic buildings, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight. The people of Tamil Nadu have continued to develop their cultural heritage in terms of music, dance, literature, cuisine, and other art forms. Main article: Prehistory Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula. In , archaeologists from the Sharma Centre for Heritage Education excavated ancient stone tools which suggests that humanlike population exists in the Tamil Nadu region somewhere around 300,000 ago before arrived from Africa. In , 24 km 15 mi from , archaeologists from the ASI unearthed 169 clay urns containing human skulls, skeletons, bones, husks, grains of rice, charred rice and of the period, 3,800 years ago. Adichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies. About 60 per cent of the total epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu, and most of these are in the. A new study of Indigenous Australian DNA suggests there was some form of migration from India to Australia about 4,000 years ago. Genetic evidence suggests that just over 4 millennia ago a group of Indian travellers landed in Australia and stayed. The study found a pattern of SNPs that is found in genetics of speakers from South India. Indus valley script between 2000 and 1500 BCE A Neolithic stone a hand-held axe with the on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near in Tamil Nadu. According to epigraphist , this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. The date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. Sangam period 300 BCE — 300 CE Sage father of Tamil literature, The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as. Numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD 300. The recent excavations in archaeological site suggests that Alagankulam is one of the important trade centre or port city in Sangam Era. Bhakti Movement The Much later, the were replaced by the as the dominant kingdom in the 9th century and they in turn were replaced by the in the 13th century. The Pandyan capital was in the deep south away from the coast. They had extensive trade links with the south east Asian maritime empires of and their successors, as well as contacts, even formal diplomatic contacts, reaching as far as the. During the 13th century, mentioned the Pandyas as the in existence. Temples such as the at and at are the best examples of Pandyan temple architecture. The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature. They controlled the pearl fisheries along the south coast of India, between Sri Lanka and India, which produced some of the finest pearls in the known ancient world. Chola Empire The at its greatest extent, during the reign of in 1030 During the 9th century, the Chola dynasty was once again revived by , who established as Chola's new capital by conquering central Tamil Nadu from and the Pandya king. Now the stretched as far as and Sri Lanka. At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3,600,000 km 2 1,400,000 sq mi. Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular and parts of Sri Lanka. He defeated , the king of Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it. The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval king. These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam regions. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power and built some of the most imposing religious structures in their lifetime and they also renovated temples and buildings of the , acknowledging their common socio-religious and cultural heritage. The celebrated temple at and the at held special significance for the which have been mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary deities. The first three of the above four temples are titled among the. The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by c. Subsequently, as the Vijayanagara Empire went into decline after the mid-16th century, many local rulers, called , succeeded in gaining the trappings of independence. This eventually resulted in the further weakening of the empire; many Nayaks declared themselves independent, among whom the and Tanjore were the first to declare their independence, despite initially maintaining loose links with the Vijayanagara kingdom. The Nayaks of Madurai and were the most prominent of Nayaks in the 17th century. They reconstructed some of the well-known temples in Tamil Nadu such as the. Power struggles of the 18th century 1692—1801 By the early 18th century, the political scene in Tamil Nadu saw a major change-over and was under the control of many minor rulers aspiring to be independent. The fall of the Vijayanagara empire and the Chandragiri Nayakas gave the a chance to expand into the Tamil heartland. When the sultanate was incorporated into the Mughal Empire in 1688, the northern part of current-day Tamil Nadu was administrated by the , who had his seat in from 1715 onward. Meanwhile, to the south, the fall of the led to a short lived. The fall of the brought up many small Nayakars of southern Tamil Nadu, who ruled small parcels of land called palayams. The chieftains of these Palayams were known as or 'polygar' as called by British and were ruling under the nawabs of the Carnatic. Around 1609, the Dutch established a settlement in , while the Danes had their establishment in also known as Tranquebar. In 1639, the British, under the East India Company, established a settlement further south of Pulicat, in present-day. British constructed and established a trading post at Madras. By 1693, the French established in trading posts at. The British and French were competing to expand the trade in the northern parts of Tamil Nadu which also witnessed many battles like as part of the. British reduced the French dominions in India to Puducherry. Nawabs of the Carnatic bestowed tax revenue collection rights on the East India Company for defeating the. Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah surrendered much of his territory to the East India Company which firmly established the British in the northern parts. In 1762, a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur Maratha, Carnatic and the British by which Thanjavur became a vassal of the Nawab of the Carnatic which eventually ceded to British. In the south, Nawabs granted taxation rights to the British which led to conflicts between British and the Palaiyakkarar, which resulted in series of wars called to establish independent states by the aspiring Palaiyakkarar. Thevar's prominent exploits were his confrontations with , who later rebelled against the British in the late 1750s and early 1760s. She was drawn to war after her husband Muthu Vaduganatha Thevar 1750—1772 , King of was murdered at temple by British. Before her death, Queen Velu Nachi granted powers to the to rule Sivaganga. He was captured by the British at the end of the war and hanged near Kayattar in 1799. They formed a coalition with and Kerala Varma which fought the British in Second Polygar Wars. After winning the Polygar wars in 1801, the East India Company consolidated most of southern India into the. Main article: At the beginning of the 19th century, the British firmly established governance over entire Tamil Nadu. The on 10 July 1806 was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British , predating the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by half a century. The revolt, which took place in , was brief, lasting one full day, but brutal as mutineers broke into the Vellore fort and killed or wounded 200 British troops, before they were subdued by reinforcements from nearby Arcot. The British crown took over the control governance from the Company and the remainder of the 19th century did not witness any native resistance until the beginning of 20th century Indian Independence movements. During the administration of Governor 1854—1859 measures were taken to improve education and increase representation of Indians in the administration. Legislative powers given to the Governor's council under the Indian Councils Act 1861 and 1909 eventually led to the establishment of the. Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the system resulted in two severe famine in the Madras Presidency, the and the. The famine led to migration of people as bonded labours for British to various countries which eventually formed the present. India 1947—present When India became independent in 1947, Madras presidency became , comprising present-day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh up to Ganjam district in Odisha, South Canara district Karnataka, and parts of Kerala. The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. The bordering states are to the west, to the north west and to the north. To the east is the and the state encircles the of. The southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula is which is the meeting point of the , the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean. The western, southern and the north western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. The and the meet at the. The Western Ghats traverse the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the south west monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains and the northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central and the south central regions are arid plains and receive less rainfall than the other regions. Tamil Nadu has the country's third longest at about 906. Tamil Nadu's coastline bore the brunt of the 2004 when it hit India, which caused 7,793 direct deaths in the state. Historically, parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the M5. Climate Tamil Nadu is mostly dependent on monsoon rains, and thereby is prone to droughts when the monsoons fail. The climate of the state ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-arid. Since the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute and severe drought. Tamil Nadu is divided into seven agro-climatic zones: north east, north west, west, southern, high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and Delta the most fertile agricultural zone. Main articles: and There are about 2000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu. Protected areas provide safe habitat for large mammals including , , , , , , , , , and , resident and migratory birds such as , , , , , and , , , , a few migratory and occasionally , marine species such as the , turtles, dolphins, and a wide variety of fish and insects. This includes 1559 species of , 533 species, 260 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants and 230 species. The diversity of the country is 64 species of which Tamil Nadu has four indigenous species and about 60 introduced species. The diversity of India includes 1022 species of which Tamil Nadu has about 184 species. Vast numbers of , , fungi, and bacteria are among the wild plant diversity of Tamil Nadu. Common plant species include the state tree: , , rubber, , clumping bamboos arundinacea , , , , , and blooming trees like , , and. Rare and unique plant life includes Combretum ovalifolium, Diospyros nilagrica , rariflora orchid , , elegans, reniformis, and. Main article: Tamil Nadu has a wide range of extending east from the in the through the and to and then to the beaches, , , , and of the. The state has a range of flora and fauna with many species and habitats. To protect this diversity of wildlife there are of Tamil Nadu as well as which protect larger areas of natural habitat often include one or more National Parks. The established in 1986 is a marine ecosystem with seaweed seagrassrass communities, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangrove forests. The located in the and comprises part of adjoining states of Kerala and Karnataka. The is in the south west of the state bordering Kerala in the Western Ghats. Tamil Nadu is home to five declared National parks located in , , , , located in the centre of city and located in South Chennai. Madras High Court, Chennai The Governor is the constitutional head of the state while the is the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers. The of the is the head of the judiciary. The present Governor, Chief Minister and the Chief Justice are governor , and respectively. Administratively the state is divided into 32 district. It is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in India and is also one of the major Metropolitan cities of India. The state comprises 39 constituencies and 234 Legislative Assembly constituencies. Tamil Nadu had a until 1986, when it was replaced with a , like most other states in India. The term length of the government is five years. The present government is headed by , after the demise of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, of the. The is housed at the in Chennai. The state had come under the on four occasions — first from 1976 to 1977, next for a short period in 1980, then from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991. Tamil Nadu has been a pioneering state of initiatives in India. A large part of the government records like land ownership records are digitised and all major offices of the state government like — all the corporations and municipal office activities — revenue collection, land registration offices, and transport offices have been computerised. Tamil Nadu is one of the states where law and order has been maintained largely successfully. The Force is over 140 years old. It is the fifth largest state police force in India as of 2015, total police force of TN is 1,11,448 and has the highest proportion of women police personnel in the country total women police personnel of TN is 13,842 which is about 12. In 2003, the state had a total police population ratio of 1:668, higher than the national average of 1:717. Districts of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is subdivided into 32 , which are listed below. A district is administered by a who is mostly an IAS member, appointed by State Government. Districts are further divided into 226 administrated by comprising 1127. A District has also one or more Revenue Divisions in total 76 constituted by many Revenue Blocks. Cities and towns are administered by and Municipalities respectively. The urban bodies include 12 , 125 and 529 town panchayats. The rural bodies include 31 district panchayats, 385 panchayat unions and 12,524 village panchayats. George hosts the Chief Secretariat of the government of Tamil Nadu Pre-Independence Prior to Indian independence Tamil Nadu was under British colonial rule as part of the. The main party in Tamil Nadu at that time was the INC. One of the earliest regional parties, the South Indian Welfare Association, a forerunner to in Tamil Nadu, was started in 1916. The party was called after its English organ, , by its opponents. Later, was adopted as its official name. The reason for victory of the Justice Party in elections was the non-participation of the INC, demanding complete independence of India. The Justice Party which was under E. Ramaswamy was renamed in 1944. It was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called. However, due to the differences between its two leaders EVR and , the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the DMK. The DMK decided to enter politics in 1956. Main article: Tamil Nadu is the seventh most populous state in India. The state has registered the lowest in India in year 2005—06 with 1. At the 2011 India census, Tamil Nadu had a population of 72,147,030. The sex ratio of the state is 995 with 36,137,975 males and 36,009,055 females. There are a total of 23,166,721 households. The total children under the age of 6 is 7,423,832. A total of 14,438,445 people constituting 20. The state has 51,837,507 literates, making the literacy rate 80. There are a total of 27,878,282 workers, comprising 4,738,819 cultivators, 6,062,786 agricultural labourers, 1,261,059 in house hold industries, 11,695,119 other workers, 4,120,499 marginal workers, 377,220 marginal cultivators, 2,574,844 marginal agricultural labourers, 238,702 marginal workers in household industries and 929,733 other marginal workers. List of most populous towns in Tamil Nadu Among the cities in 2011, the state capital, Chennai, was the , followed by , , and respectively. India has a human development index calculated as 0. The at birth for males is 65. However, it has a high level of poverty especially in the rural areas. Poverty in the state dropped from 51. The World Bank is currently assisting the state in reducing poverty, High drop-out and low completion of secondary schools continue to hinder the quality of training in the population. Other problems include class, gender, inter-district and urban-rural disparities. Based on URP — Consumption for the period 2004—2005, percentage of the state's population was 27. The ranks Tamil Nadu to have a of 0. Corruption is a major problem in the state with Transparency International ranking it the second most corrupt among the states of India. Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India. Tamil Nadu has performed reasonably well in terms of during the decade 2001—2011. A survey conducted by the Industry body Assocham ranks Tamil Nadu top among Indian states with about 100 per cent Gross Enrolment Ratio GER in primary and upper primary education. One of the basic limitations for improvement in education in the state is the rate of absence of teachers in public schools, which at 21. The analysis of primary school education in the state by shows a low drop-off rate but poor quality of state education compared to other states. Tamil Nadu has , 449 Polytechnic Colleges and 566 arts and science colleges, 34335 elementary schools, 5167 high schools, 5054 higher secondary schools and 5000 hospitals. Some of the notable educational institutes present in Tamil Nadu are , , , , , , , , , , , , , and. Tamil Nadu now has 69 per cent reservation in educational institutions for socially backward section of the society, the highest among all Indian states. The programme in Tamil Nadu was first initiated by , then it was expanded by in 1983. Seventh century paintings in the , Tamil Nadu has a long tradition of venerable culture. Tamil Nadu is known for its rich tradition of literature, art, music and dance which continue to flourish today. Tamil Nadu is a land most known for its monumental ancient Hindu temples and classical form of dance. Unique cultural features like dance , , and Tamil architecture were developed and continue to be practised in Tamil Nadu. Literature has existed for over 2000 years. The earliest period of Tamil literature, , is dated from ca. It is the amongst all others. The earliest records found on rock edicts and date from around the 3rd century BC. Most early Tamil literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more common until later periods. The Sangam literature collection contains 2381 poems composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous. Sangam literature is primarily secular, dealing with everyday themes in a context. The Sangam literature also deals with human relationship and emotions. The available literature from this period was categorised and compiled in the 10th century into two categories based roughly on chronology. The categories are: The Major Eighteen Anthology Series comprising The Eight Anthologies and the Ten Idylls and The Minor Eighteen Anthology Series. Much of Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil, the. Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 1000 B. C grammar Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam, with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu, sol, poruḷ, yāppu, aṇi. Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry. Notable example of Tamil poetry include the written by before 2000 years. In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named 'Thambiraan Vanakkam', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published. During the , many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts among the common man, notably and. Festivals and traditions was the great Tamil poet and philosopher , also called as Tamizhar Thirunaal festival of Tamils or Makara Sankranti elsewhere in India, a four-day is one of the most widely celebrated festivals throughout Tamil Nadu. The Tamil language saying Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum — literally meaning, the birth of the month of Thai will pave way for new opportunities — is often quoted with reference to this festival. The first day, Bhogi Pongal, is celebrated by throwing away and destroying old clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the old and emergence of the new. The second day, Surya Pongal, is the main day which falls on the first day of the tenth Tamil month Thai 14 January or 15 January in western calendar. The third day, Maattu Pongal, is meant to offer thanks to the cattle, as they provide milk and are used to plough the lands. In 2011 the Bench ordered the cockfight at Santhapadi and Modakoor Melbegam villages permitted during the Pongal festival while disposing of a petition filed attempting to ban the cockfight. The first month in the Tamil calendar is Chittirai and the first day of this month in mid-April is celebrated as Tamil New Year. The Thiruvalluvar calendar is 31 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, i. Gregorian 2000 is Thiruvalluvar 2031. Aadi Perukku is celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month Aadi, which celebrates the rising of the water level in the river. Apart from the major festivals, in every village and town of Tamil Nadu, the inhabitants celebrate festivals for the local gods once a year and the time varies from place to place. Most of these festivals are related to the goddess , the mother goddess of rain. Other major Hindu festivals including Death of Narakasura , Ayudha Poojai, Saraswathi Poojai , Jayanthi and are also celebrated. Mahamagam a bathing festival at Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu is celebrated once in 12 years. People from all the corners of the country come to Kumbakonam for the festival. This festival is also called as Kumbamela of South. Music , was the first musician to be awarded the , India's highest civilian honour In terms of modern cine-music, was a prominent composer of film music in Tamil cinema during the late 1970s and 1980s. His work highlighted Tamil folk lyricism and introduced broader western musical sensibilities to the south Indian musical mainstream. Tamil Nadu is also the home of the double Oscar Winner who has composed film music in , , , English and Chinese films. The term Kollywood is a of and Hollywood. Tamil cinema is one of the largest industries of film production in India. In Tamil Nadu, cinema ticket prices are regulated by the government. The first silent film in Tamil , was made in 1916. The first talkie was a multi-lingual film, , which released on 31 October 1931, barely 7 months after India's first talking picture. This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors. Television industry There are more than 30 television channels of various genre in. The first private Tamil channel, was founded in 1993 by. In Tamil Nadu, the television industry is influenced by politics and majority of the channels are owned by politicians or people with political links. Cable used to be the preferred mode of reaching homes controlled by government run operator. From the early 2010s, has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services. Services contributes to 45 per cent of the economic activity in the state, followed by manufacturing at 34 per cent and agriculture at 21 per cent. Government is the major investor in the state with 51 per cent of total investments, followed by private Indian investors at 29. Tamil Nadu has a network of about 113 industrial parks and estates offering developed plots with supporting infrastructure. Tamil Nadu has six Nationalised Home Banks which originated in this state; Two government-sector banks and in Chennai, and Four private-sector banks in Kumbakonam, , in Karur, and in Tuticorin. Agriculture Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state and is a leading producer of agricultural products in India. In 2008, Tamil Nadu was India's fifth biggest producer of rice. The total cultivated area in the State was 5. The Cauvery delta region is known as the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu. Annual food grains production in the year 2007—08 was 10035,000 mt. Among states in India, Tamil Nadu is one of the leaders in livestock, poultry and production. Tamil Nadu had the second largest number of poultry amongst all the states and accounted for 17. In 2003—2004, Tamil Nadu had produced 3783. With the second longest coastline in India, Tamil Nadu represented 27. Textiles and leather hand loom silk sarees Tamil Nadu is one of the leading States in the textile sector and it houses the country's largest spinning industry accounting for almost 80 per cent of the total installed capacity in India. When it comes to yarn production, the State contributes 40 per cent of the total production in the country. There are 2,614 Hand Processing Units 25 per cent of total units in the country and 985 Power Processing Units 40 per cent of total units in the country in Tamil Nadu. According to official data, the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17 per cent of the total invested capital in all the industries. Gobichettipalayam is a prominent producer of white silk with the country's first automated silk reeling unit present here. Automobiles Tamil Nadu has seen major investments in the automobile industry over many decades manufacturing cars, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorcycles, automobile spare parts and accessories, tyres and heavy vehicles. Heavy industries and engineering Tamil Nadu is one of the highly industrialised states in India. Many heavy engineering and manufacturing companies are located in and around the suburbs of. India's leading steel producer, the state-owned has a steel plant in. The is a state-owned oil and gas corporation headquartered in Chennai, and owns refineries at and. The state government owns the , in. Jointly with the , the state owns the world's sixth largest manufacturer of watches, under the brand name of , at. A number of large cement manufacturers, including the , Ramco Cements, Tancem, the , UltraTech Cements and are present across the state. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets. Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India. Major national and global IT Companies such as , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Technology solutions, , , , , , and many others have offices in Tamil Nadu. The top engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu have been a major recruiting hub for the IT firms. According to estimates, about 50 per cent of the HR required for the IT and ITES industry was being sourced from the State. Coimbatore is the second largest software producer in the state, next to Chennai. Main articles: and Tamil Nadu has a transportation system that connects all parts of the state. Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network, providing links between urban centres, agricultural market-places and rural areas. There are 29 national highways in the state, covering a total distance of 5,006. The state is also a terminus for the project, that connects Indian metropolises like , , , and. The state has a total road length of 167,000 km 104,000 mi , of which 60,628 km 37,672 mi are maintained by Highways Department. This is nearly 2. The major road junctions are Chennai, , Madurai, Trichy, Coimbatore, Salem, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Karur, Krishnagiri, Dindigul, Kanniyakumari. Road transport is provided by state owned and. Almost every part of state is well connected by buses 24 hours a day. The State accounted for 13. Although Tamil Nadu accounts for the highest number of road accidents in India, it also leads in having reduced the number of fatalities in accident-prone areas with deployment of personnel and a sustained awareness campaign. The number of deaths at areas decreased from 1,053 in 2011 to 881 in 2012 and 867 in 2013. Rail Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of. Headquartered at , the Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's southern peninsula, covering the states of Tamil Nadu, , Puducherry, a small portion of and a small portion of. Express trains connect the state capital Chennai with Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 5,952 km 3,698 mi and there are 532 railway stations in the state. The network connects the state with most major cities in India. The is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Site connecting on the hills and in the foot hills which is in turn connected to city. The centenary old over sea connecting in to mainland is an engineering marvel. It is one of the oldest cantilever bridges still in operation, the double-leaf bascule bridge section can be raised to let boats and small ships pass through Palk Strait in Indian Ocean. Chennai has a well-established network and is constructing a with phase1 operational since July 2015. Loco sheds are located at , , Royapuram in and Tondaiyarpet in , Ponmalai GOC in as Diesel Loco Shed. The loco shed at is a huge composite Electric and Diesel Loco shed. MRTS which covers from Chennai Beach to Velachery, and metro rail also running between Alandur and koyambedu station. Airports Tamil Nadu has four international airports namely , , and. Besides civilian airports, the state has four air bases of the namely , , and two naval air stations and of. Seaport Tamil Nadu has three major located at , and , as well as seven other minor ports including and. Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast and is the second principal port in the country for handling containers. Ennore Port handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. The volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per cent during 2005. Energy Tamil Nadu has the third largest installed power generation capacity in the country. The , Ennore Thermal Plant, Lignite Power Plant, many hydroelectric plants including , hundreds of windmills and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. Tamil Nadu generates a significant proportion of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power installed capacity at over 7154 MW, accounting for 38 per cent of total installed wind power in India. It is presently adding the to its energy grid, which on completion would be the largest atomic power plant in the country with 2000MW installed capacity. The total installed capacity of electricity in the State by January 2014 was 20,716 MW. Tamil Nadu ranks in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 34 per cent. From a power surplus state in 2005—06, Tamil Nadu has become a state facing severe power shortage over the recent years due to lack of new power generation projects and delay in the commercial power generation at. The Tuticorin Thermal Power Station has five 210 megawatt generators. The first generator was commissioned in July 1979. The thermal power plants under construction include the coal-based 1000 MW NLC TNEB Power Plant. From the current 17MW installed Solar power, Tamil Nadu government's new policy aims to increase the installed capacity to 3000MW by 2016. Main article: , is recognised as the state game in Tamil Nadu. Most of these traditional sports are associated with festivals of land like and mostly played in rural areas. In urban areas of Tamil Nadu, modern sports like bat and ball games are played. The in Chennai is a popular fast bowling academy for pace bowlers all over the world. Cricket contests between local clubs, franchises and teams are popular in the state. The Super Kings are the most successful team in the league with three IPL titles at par with Mumbai Indians and two titles. Tennis is also a popular sport in Tamil Nadu with notable international players including , , and. The tournament is held in Chennai every January. The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu SDAT owns which hosts Chennai Open and Davis Cup play-off tournaments. The Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of in the state. The in Chennai hosts international hockey events and is regarded by the as one of the best in the world for its infrastructure. Tamil Nadu also has Golf ground in Coimbatore, The is an 18-hole golf course located in a place called Chettipalayam in Coimbatore, located within the city limits in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The Club is also a popular venue for major Golf Tournaments held in India. The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu SDAT , a government body, is vested with the responsibility of developing sports and related infrastructure in the state. The SDAT owns and operates world class stadiums and organises sporting events. It also accommodates sporting events, both at domestic and international level, organised by other sports associations at its venues. The College of Physical Education at Nandanam in Chennai was established in 1920 and was the first college for physical education in Asia. The Indian Triathlon Federation and the Volleyball Federation of India are headquartered in Chennai. Chennai hosted India's first ever International Beach Volleyball Championship in 2008. The SDAT — TNSRA Academy in Chennai is one of the very few academies in south Asia hosting international squash events. Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by TTDC , a Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking. According to statistics, 4. The state boasts some of the grand built in. The in , and the in built by the and the along with the collection of other monuments in also called Mamallapuram have been declared as. Retrieved 31 December 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2018. Reserve Bank of India, New Delhi. Retrieved 17 February 2017. Ministry of Minority Affairs Government of India. Archived from PDF on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2016. Hay; William Theodore De Bary 1988. Archived from PDF on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 27 May 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2013. Archived from on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012. Archived from on 30 January 2012. The Journal of Asian Studies. 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